Toni Morrisons The Bluest Eye Racial and Social-Cultural...

Mr. Henry moves into Claudia and Friedas house. One day, the girls come home and when they walk in Mr. Henry greets them. He flatters them by telling them they look just like Greta Garbo and Ginger Rogers, two white American female actresses. These two actresses represented American societys ideal beauty, with their blonde hair and blue eyes. They, and other actresses like them, were so idealized by the media that it forced young American girls, both white and black, to question their own beauty if it differed from the standard of blond hair and blue eyes. After seeing the cup with Shirley Temple on it, Claudia explains her ill feelings for her. Shirley Temple was the epitome of what all of America adored in little girls: her bouncy†¦show more content†¦Pecolas life away from her family is no better. She is often picked on and called ugly by those around her. Claudia and Frieda realize that the entire neighborhood agrees with Pecola that white features are beautiful. Pecolas parents have both had difficult lives. Pauline always felt like an outsider in her family and constantly suffers through feelings of loneliness and ugliness. She wants to love her daughter but finds Pecola unattractive. Pauline works for a wealthy white family and finds her comfort in their house. Cholly was abandoned by his parents and brought up by his aunt. He was often humiliated by white people and built up a great rage toward whites and women. When he met and married Pauline, things were good for a time, but he soon felt trapped and unhappy. The marriage is dull, except for those moments when they are fighting. One day, as he returns home and finds Pecola washing dishes, Chollys life of desire wells up and he rapes his daughter. Pauline blames Pecola for the rape, seeing it as Pecolas fault. Claudia MacTeer: Narrator of the story, she is nine years old and lives in a green and white run-down, but functional house. Claudia despises the American ideals of beauty, which say that one must have blonde hair, blue eyes, and pink skin to be beautiful. She resents and even reacts violently to these ideals when she destroys the pretty white dolls given to

Introduction Of Stealth Technology Technology - 2104 Words

INTRODUCTION OF STEALTH TECHNOLOGY: Most of the common people would be unaware of this technology and they would first ask what is this technology? Stealth technology is that technology which covers the range of technology which is used by defence men, air craft s, missiles, satellites so that they become invisible to the radar , infrared, solar and other detection methods. It is combination of technologies that aims to reduce the distances at which a vehicle or a person can be detected especially radar cross section reduction. RADAR CROSS SECTION (RCS) REDUCTION- Various methods have been tried to minimize radar detection since the invention of radar. Due to the increased awareness of stealth vehicles and the technologies, development of means to detect stealth vehicles was provided. However development of low RCS is the desire of most of the countries because they are advantageous in detection range deduction. HISTORY OF STEALTH TECHNOLOGY: Like every single technology stealth technology have also the back ground or the history. The development of stealth technology started in 1958, in United States who were trying to prevent the radar detection of its U-2 spy planes from the soviet union during the cold war .However that was unsuccessful .This made the designers to develop a particular shape for the planes that will reduce the detection of planes. The 1st stealth submarines were the U-boat U-480.The HORTEN HO229 flying wing wasShow MoreRelatedAmerican Airpower s Dependence On Technology And Its Influence On Future Employment1254 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican airpower’s dependence on technology and its influence on future employment are best described with the words of General H. H. Arnold shortly after the Second World War: â€Å"The first essential of air power necessary for peace and security is the preeminence in research . . . . We must count on scientific advances requiring us to replace about one-fifth of existing Air Forces equipment each year and we must be sure that these additions are the most advanced in the whole world.† FurthermoreRead MoreStealth Technology4376 Words   |  18 PagesSTEALTH TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACT: Stealth technology also known as LOT (Low Observability Technology) is a sub-discipline of military electronic countermeasures which covers a range of techniques used with aircraft, ships and missiles, in order to make them less visible (ideally invisible) to radar, infrared and other detection methods. The concept of stealth is not new: being able to operate without giving the enemy knowledge has always been a goal of military technology and techniques. However, as theRead MoreAerospace Computing : Northrop Grumman B 2 Spirit Stealth Bomber1865 Words   |  8 PagesComputing: Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit Stealth Bomber Tyler Procko, Mohammad Alali and Zachary Hancock EGR 101 - E2 Group 6 Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Outline I. Abstract II. Introduction, Background and Purpose of the B-2 Spirit III. Hardware and Software of the B-2 Spirit IV. Plane Structure and Weaponry V. Conclusion I. Abstract The B-2 Spirit stealth bomber, developed and produced by Northrop Grumman, is the pinnacle of stealth warfare technology. In this paper, we three first yearRead MoreThe War Of The World War I1523 Words   |  7 Pagesfrom that of World War I. This is primarily due to the rise of counterinsurgency operations, the focus on air superiority and the use of technology, such as unmanned aerial vehicles, which have led to the decline of mass army against army war. Characterized by the declaration of war, the amassing of vast battlefield formations, and the use of new technologies, such as the machine gun and airplane, World War I was the epitome of conventional war. The myriad of alliances across Europe in the earlyRead MoreThe War Of The World War I1501 Words   |  7 Pagesfrom that of World War I. This is primarily due to the rise of counterinsurgency operations, the focus on air superiority and the use of technology, such as unmanned aerial vehicles, which have led to the decline of mass army against army war. Characterized by the declaration of war, the amassing of vast battlefield formations, and the use of new technologies, such as the machine gun and airplane, World War I was the epitome of conventional war. The myriad of alliances across Europe in the earlyRead MoreStealth Marketing3107 Words   |  13 PagesStage 2 Group 5 Lecturer: Ambreen Bashir Topic: After buzz marketing, stealth marketing is the latest marketing communications craze. You are the General Manager of a new entrant in the mobile phone network market, competing with the likes of O2, Vodafone, Meteor and 3. Like these competitors, you see your main target market among young, highly marketing literate consumers. Your marketing manager has mentioned stealth marketing as a possible way of increasing market share but you are not convincedRead MoreMarketing Strategy Of Stealth Marketing1737 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION Did you know that very day we are imprinted with marketing and we don’t even realizing it! Marketers are eager to find new ways on how to get into your subconscious to sell their product or deliver their message. This is what is called â€Å"Stealth Marketing†. Stealth Marketing is any marketing strategy that advertises to consumers without them knowing it. It is used in product placement, celebrity endorsements, and ad agents. PRODUCT PLACEMNET Product placement is practice in which manufacturersRead MoreThe Engineering Field : Chemical, Civil, Electrical, And Mechanical Engineering1215 Words   |  5 PagesGunnar Kroencke Block 2 Introduction What is engineering? Many people have difficulty answering this question. In fact, engineering is a diverse field – there are many disciplines within engineering that can involve the application of a very different body of knowledge and skills. Nearly everything that is not â€Å"natural† (i.e., created by Mother Nature) most likely was designed and created with input from engineers. The shampoo you used this morning to wash your hair, the technology that cleans the waterRead MoreAnalysis Of Apple Computers Newer Product Lines Essay1736 Words   |  7 Pagesthat they carry out in the market that is suitable for learning on the enterprise information that makes logical decisions about the future the company. The paper also has establishes what the company has incorporated in its recent development in technology to come up with newer product lines. In this regard, the company has been able to gain a meaningful competitive advantage in this market through dominating the m arket. Therefore for their systems managers, they have been able to learn lessons forRead MoreA Critical Analysis Of Apple Computers1705 Words   |  7 Pagesfor learning on the enterprise information and as such makes logical decisions about the future of a venture. In light of the Apple computers company, this report has established that of late, the company has incorporated the recent development in technology to come up with newer product lines. In this regard, the company has been able to gain a meaningful competitive advantage in this market through dominating the market. In regard to the systems managers, they have been able to learn lessons for running

Dopamine Essay Research Paper Dopamine free essay sample

Dopamine Essay, Research Paper Dopamine As the chemical responsible for the enjoyable esthesiss felt by the human encephalon, Dopastat has been found to be active in many facets of every twenty-four hours life. Any physiological action that receives a positive feedback, such as a handshaking, a buss, or the usage of a drug, can do the degree of Dopastat activity in the encephalon to increase. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that relays messages from one nerve cell to the following. Through axons, nerve cells influence neurological activity in many parts, specifically the karyon accumbens. The nucleus accumbens is a crude construction that is considered to be the centre for pleasance. When the molecule reaches the terminal of the axon, it is released into the synapse ( the part between the axon stoping and the receiving system cells ) where the Dopastat binds to the receptors of the following cell. Then it is either reabsorbed, or catabolized by the enzyme monoamine oxidase ( MAO ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Dopamine Essay Research Paper Dopamine or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page At the chemical degree, every experience that a individual finds gratifying sums to an surplus of Dopastat at the axon terminations of the karyon accumbens. Keeping the proper balance of Dopastat in the encephalon is critical to survival. For illustration, if degrees are excessively low such as in the significant nigger, so the individual may see the shudders and motion upset of Parkinson? s disease. On the other manus, if the degrees of Dopastat are excessively high, the individual may see hallucinations and the thought upset feature of schizophrenic disorder. In 1975, psychologists Roy Wise and Robert Yokel of Concordia University in Montreal made a find while working with drug addicted rats. Initially, the rats were taught to force a lever that would let go of a narcotic in the signifier of a pellet. After being injected with a dopamine-blocking chemical, the rats would force the lever as many times as possible. It is believed that this showed that the degrees of Dopastat in the encephalon are straight affected by narcotics. That is, narcotics had the ability to change the Dopastat procedure. Drug such as diacetylmorphine, pep pills, and marijuana all trigger the release of extra Dopastat, whereas cocaine blocks Dopastat release. Dopamine is believed to be an of import portion in the acquisition procedure. Dr. P. Read Montague, of the Center for Theoretical Neuroscience at Houston? s Baylor College of Medicine, has said that people should? believe of Dopastat as the proverbial carrot, a wages the encephalon doles out to webs of nerve cells for doing survival-enhancing choices. ? It is non to the full understood how this procedure is put into pattern, but Montague and his co-workers of the Salk Institute in San Diego and M.I.T. have developed a trial theoretical account they believe to be an accurate representation of the dopamine rhythm. Montague developed a computing machine plan that simulated bees involved in garnering nectar. The practical flowers ranged from really sweet, to non sweet at all. This system was intended to stand for the action of Dopastat being used as a wages. They found that 85 % of the clip, the bees would travel to the flowers that were sweet. The flowers had been programmed with a dopamine-like wages system that would travel into consequence when 1 of the bees would set down on a sweet flower. It is believed that a similar system works in the human encephalon. When a individual learns a new endurance maneuver, it is considered that the encephalon releases an extra sum of Dopastat, so that the individual feels compelled to reiterate the action. One of these actions may be to eat in the forenoon, or to analyze for a trial. In add-on to commanding dependence, Dopastat besides functions as an inhibitor in the carotid organic structure. There, Dopastat has a assortment of responses. Dopamine relaxes the lower esophageal sphincter, delays stomachic voidance, and causes certain arteriolas to increase in diameter. Although non proven, it is believed that Dopastat nervus terminations may be present in the kidneys. Many surveies have been done to understand the function that dopamine dramas in human metamorphosis. These surveies have demonstrated that, much like the other chemicals in the human encephalon, Dopastat is a complex substance that is non yet to the full understood. Bibliography 1. ) Braunwald, Isselbacker, Petersdorf, Wilson, Martin, Fauci. Harrison? s Principles of Internal Medicine. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company. 2. ) Nash, J. Madeleine. ? The Chemistry of Addiction? , Time Magazine. 1997, May 5. Volume 149, Number 18. pg. 36-43.

The Circulatory System Essay Example

The Circulatory System Paper General Functions   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The circulatory system is the body’s main transport network and cooling system (De Graff, 1998). The human body needs many external substances to survive. We need air, food, and water. However, these substances are not readily absorbed by the body through initial intake. For example, food that is eaten and digested is not yet used to fuel the body’s billions of cells. The nutrients that have been processed need to be transported to each cell in the body in order for them to be used. This is one of the jobs of the circulatory system. The circulatory system is tasked with carrying the important substances that the body needs where they are needed (Hillendale Health, 2007). Furthermore, the system is also responsible for carrying some of the wastes from the cells such as carbon dioxide, away from the cells to be expelled by the body (Delos Johnson, 2006). This cycle of carrying nutrients to body cells and carrying wastes from th em is a way by which the system contributes to the maintenance of physiological homeostasis. Another way that it contributes to homeostasis is by helping maintain the temperature of the body. Without oxygen to burn, the cells in the body will become cold and eventually die (Delos Johnson, 2006). Thus, oxygenated blood carries oxygen to the cells and releases it in order to maintain homeostatic temperature. Last but not the least, the circulatory system also maintains homeostasis by fighting off outside threats that have infiltrated the body. White blood cells which also travel through the system fight back diseases and help keep the body healthy and they need the circulatory system for them to be able to reach the places in the body where particular bacteria are doing damage (Delos Johnson, 2007). We will write a custom essay sample on The Circulatory System specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Circulatory System specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Circulatory System specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Interactions with other organ systems   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When we eat food or drink water, it enters our body through our digestive system and is processed in the stomach. Afterwards, the processed food is transported through the small intestines where it is further digested. The small intestine’s inner walls are covered with microscopic finger-like projections called villi which are primarily responsible for taking the nutrients from the digested food and transferring them to the bloodstream where they are carried to the rest of the body (Maton et. al., 1993). Thus, the digestive system and the circulatory system work closely together to nourish the body with food and drink. The circulatory system also works closely with the respiratory system. We take in air through our nose and from there it travels to our lungs. From there, pulmonary arteries which are a part of the circulatory system carries oxygen-depleted blood to absorb more oxygen while releasing the carbon dioxide that it has accumulated from the cells that it delivered nutrients to (Maton et. al., 1993). Of course, the circulatory system takes blood containing nutrients and oxygen to other organ systems of the body in order to enable them to continue functioning. The blood carries nutrients to our muscles, our sensory organs, our brain, and all other parts of our body that need it (Maton, 2003). Parts and functions The Heart   It is a powerful muscle that pumps the blood through the entire circulatory system (Hillendale Health, 2007). The Blood It is the main substance that flows throughout the circulatory system. There are red blood cells and white blood cells that both travel through the circulatory system (Hillendale Health, 2007). Plasma which is the liquid part of the blood carries both these blood cells through the system (Hillendale Health, 2007). The red blood cells carry nutrients from the small intestine and oxygen from the lungs to the cells all over the body (Hillendale Health, 2007). They are also the ones that carry carbon dioxide away from body cells and back to the lungs to be released as waste (Hillendale Health, 2007). The white blood cells travel to areas where harmful germs are infecting body cells and fight those foreign elements to keep the body healthy (Hillendale Health, 2007). There are also platelets found in the bloodstream which acts to help stop bleeding whenever the body gets wounded (Hillendale Health, 2007). For example, whenever we cut ourselves on some sharp object and bleed, the platelets stick to where we cut ourselves and attract more platelets to do the same. This plugs out the wound so that the bleeding stops. The Blood Vessels The blood vessels are the tubes where the blood passes through. There are three types of blood vessels which are arteries, veins, and capillaries (Hillendale Health, 2007). The arteries are blood vessels that carrying oxygenated blood away from the heart while veins carry blood back to the heart (Hillendale Health, 2007). Capillaries are very tiny blood vessels that serve as connections between arteries and veins (Hillendale Health, 2007). The Heart: A closer look   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The human heart is found in the middle of the thorax with its largest part slightly situated to the left just beneath the breastbone (Maton et. al., 1993). It is a mesh of muscle cells that are joined together by contiguous cytoplasmic bridges (Maton et. al., 1993). Tissues found on the heart’s walls are unique because they have qualities both of smooth muscle tissues and skeletal muscle tissues. The heart is covered by a protective sac called the pericardium (Maton et. al., 1993). The pericardium itself is composed of two parts. The fibrous pericardium is made of dense fibrous connective tissue that serves as the heart’s outer protection while the serous pericardium contains fluid that eases friction generated by heart contractions thus protecting the heart from friction caused by its own beating (Maton et. al., 1993). The right atrium is situated on the right side of the heart where the veins carrying deoxygenated blood are found. This is so that the right atrium can collect the deoxygenated blood and pass it through the heart which pumps it by the right ventricle to the lungs to be oxygenated once more (Maton et. al., 1993). After the blood is oxygenated by the lungs, it goes back to the heart through the left atrium and is pumped by the heart through the left ventricle to the rest of the body. It should be noted that the muscle wall that surrounds the left ventricle is thicker than the wall surrounding the right ventricle. This is because it is harder to pump blood to the rest of the body than to just pump it to the lungs and back (Maton et. al., 1993). Hence, thicker muscle means that the left ventricle is more powerful in pumping blood than the right ventricle. Hypertensive heart disease   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This diseases pertains to complications caused by arterial hypertension that affects the heart (eMedicine, 2007). Arterial hypertension which is more commonly known as high blood pressure is a condition wherein the pressure of the blood being pumped through the circulatory system is steadily increasing (eMedicine, 2007). This happens due to a variety of factors. Excessive intake of fat can clog up arteries and thus make it more difficult for blood to pass through. Thus, this makes the pressure of blood passing through the arteries increase. Because of the heightened pressure, the arterial walls are subjected to greater strain (Lip et. al., 2000). This can be imagined by visualizing a hose whose channel has been partially blocked. Fluid passing through that hose exerts more pressure on the hose walls and threatens to rupture the hose. In the same way, too much clogging in the arteries can cause pressure to build so much that it could ruptur e the arteries. Once this condition is elevated to dangerous levels, the heart gets affected by the imbalance in the pressure and hypertensive heart disease is developed (Lip et. al., 2000). The disease causes the heart to be strained more and more and may eventually cause it to breakdown and fail. The pressure can also burst blood vessels which can also damage the system. People suffering from this disease are easily fatigued due to the excessive work that the heart is coping with from the increased blood pressure (eMedicine, 2007). They would also have an irregular pulse, have difficulty sleeping, and feel a greater need to urinate at night (eMedicine 2007). If not treated with appropriate medicine, proper exercise and a good diet, hypertensive heart disease can lead death and is in fact one of the leading causes of death in the country (eMedicine, 2007). References De Graaff, V. (1998). Human Anatomy, 5th edition. WCB McGraw-Hill. Delos Johnson, D. (2006). The Circulatory System. Retrieved May 22, 2008 from: http://www.globalclassroom.org/hemo.html eMedicine. (2007). Hypertensive Heart Disease. Retrieved May 22, 2008 from: http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic3432.htm Hillendale Health. (2007). Circulatory System. Retrieved May 22, 2008 from: http://hes.ucfsd.org/gclaypo/circulatorysys.html Lip, G., Felmeden, D., Li-Saw-Hee, F., and Beevers, D. (2000). â€Å"Hypertensive heart disease. A complex syndrome or a hypertensive cardiomyopathy?† European Heart Journal. no. 21 p. 1653–1665. Hopkins, J., McLaughlin, C., Johnson, S., Warner, M., LaHart, D., and Wright, J. (1993). Human Biology and Health. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

Audience Analysis Paper free essay sample

In this audience analyis, given to sales repersentives, management, and consumers, key questions are answered. These key questions are: What charcteristics of the audience are considered? What communication channels are appropriate? What considerations should be kept in mind when dealing with the diverness of the audience? What is the ensurace that the message is displayed effectivly? Characteristics During an audience analysis, charactierzation of the the audience is very important. The first being who will the message be given to. In this senerio, the message being delivered is to managers of the compnay, sales personal, and consumers. Each audience also has different levels of the audience, in this situation there is the primary audience and the secondary audience. The primary audience is the group of indivauls who will decide rather or not to accpet the recommenations of the message, and the secondary audience is the group on individuals whom may be asked to comment on the messgae at a later time. We will write a custom essay sample on Audience Analysis Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Page 42) The primary audience in this case are the managers and the sales personel, and the secondary audience are the consumers who may later be asked to comment or provide feedback on the information that was given. The characteristics of the audience is very important because it determines how the message will be displayed. Communication Channels The way in which the message is displayed or channeled to listener is also very important. In this case, the message would be displayed in a formal manar.

Definition and Examples of Writ of Certiorari

Definition and Examples of Writ of Certiorari In the U.S. court system, a â€Å"writ of certiorari† is an order (writ) issued by a higher or â€Å"appellate† court to review decisions made by a lower court for any irregularities in legal process or procedures. Key Takeaways: Writ of Certiorari A writ of certiorari is a decision by the U.S. Supreme Court to hear an appeal from a lower court.The word certiorari comes from a Latin word meaning â€Å"to be more fully informed.†The act of â€Å"granting certiorari† means the Supreme Court agrees to hear a case.Certiorari must be requested by submitting a Petition for Writ of Certiorari to the Supreme Court.The Supreme Court grants only about 1.1% of the thousands of petitions for certiorari submitted each term.Denying a petition for certiorari has no effect on the lower court’s decision or the laws involved.Granting a petition for certiorari requires the affirmative votes of at least four Supreme Court justices. The word certiorari (sersh-oh-rare-ee) comes from a Latin word meaning â€Å"to be more fully informed† or â€Å"to be made certain in regard to.† The act of issuing a writ of certiorari, called â€Å"granting certiorari, often abbreviated as â€Å"granting cert,† compels the lower court to deliver all records of its proceedings in a case. Among a sea of largely obscure Latin legal terms, certiorari is of particular importance to Americans because the U.S. Supreme Court, due to its limited original jurisdiction, uses it to select most of the cases it hears.   The Supreme Court’s Writ of Certiorari Process Most cases heard by the U.S. Supreme Court begin as cases decided by a trial court, such as one of the 94 U.S. District Courts. Parties dissatisfied with the trial court’s decision have the right to appeal the case to a U.S. Court of Appeals. Anyone dissatisfied with the ruling of the Court of Appeals can then ask the Supreme Court to review the Court of Appeals’ decision and procedures. Supreme Court review of a Court of Appeals’ decision is requested by filing a â€Å"Petition for Writ of Certiorari† with the Supreme Court. The Petition for Writ of Certiorari must include a list of all parties involved, the facts of the case, the legal questions to be reviewed, and reasons why the Supreme Court should grant the petition. By granting the petition and issuing a writ of certiorari, the Court agrees to hear the case. Forty copies of the printed petition in bound booklet form are delivered to the office of the Clerk of the Supreme Court and distributed to the justices. If the Court grants the petition, the case is scheduled for a hearing. The Supreme Court has the right to deny the Petition for Writ of Certiorari, thus refusing to hear the case. Rule 10 of the Rules of the Supreme Court specifically states: â€Å"Review on writ of certiorari is not a matter of right, but a judicial discretion. A petition for writ of certiorari will be granted only for compelling reasons.† While the full legal effect of the Supreme Court’s refusal to grant certiorari is often debated, it has no effect on the decision of the Court of Appeals. In addition, refusal to grant certiorari does not reflect the Supreme Court’s agreement or disagreement with the lower court’s decision. The Supreme Court’s refusal to grant certiorari creates no binding legal precedent, and the lower courts decision remains in effect, but only within that court’s geographical jurisdiction. Granting a Petition for Writ of Certiorari requires the positive vote of only four of the nine justices, rather than the five-vote majority required in actual case decisions. This is known as the â€Å"rule of four.† Brief Background of Certiorari Before 1891, the Supreme Court was required to hear and issue a decision on almost every case that was appealed to it by the local courts. As the United States grew, the federal judicial system was strained and the Supreme Court soon had an insurmountable backlog of cases. To address this, the Judiciary Act of 1869 first increased the number of Supreme Court Justices from seven to nine. Then, the Judiciary Act of 1891 shifted responsibility for most appeals to the newly created circuit courts of appeals. Since then, the Supreme Court only hears appealed cases at its discretion through the granting of a writ of certiorari. Reasons the Supreme Court Grants Petitions for Certiorari In deciding which petitions for certiorari it will grant, the Supreme Court strives to hear cases in which its ruling will affect the interpretation and application of the laws involved throughout the United States. In addition, the Court prefers to hear cases in which its ruling will provide definitive guidance for the lower courts. While there are no hard-and-fast rules, the Supreme Court tends to grant petitions for certiorari for: Cases that will resolve clear conflicts of law: Anytime a number of lower courts issue conflicting decisions involving the same federal law or interpretation of the U.S. Constitution, such as gun control and the Second Amendment, the Supreme Court may choose to hear and decide a related case in order to ensure that all 50 states operate under the same interpretation of the law.Cases that are important or unique: The Court will decide to hear unique or momentous cases such as U.S. v Nixon, dealing with the Watergate scandal, Roe v. Wade, dealing with abortion, or Bush v. Gore, involving the contested 2000 presidential election.Cases in which a lower court disregards the Supreme Court: When a lower court blatantly ignores a previous Supreme Court ruling, the Supreme Court may decide to hear a case in order to correct or simply override the lower court’s ruling.Cases that are simply interesting: Being human, the Supreme Court justices will sometimes choose to hear a case simply b ecause it involves a favorite area of law. When it comes to petitions for writ of certiorari, the Supreme Court gets many, but grants few. The vast majority of petitions are denied. For example, of the 8,241 petitions filed during its 2009 term, the Court granted only 91, or about 1.1 percent. On average, the Court hears from 80 to 150 cases each term. Recent Example of Certiorari Granted: Roe v. Wade In its landmark decision in the 1973 case of Roe v. Wade, the Supreme Court ruled 7-2 that a woman’s right to have an abortion was protected by the Due Process of Law Clause of the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. In deciding to grant certiorari in Roe v. Wade, faced a thorny legal issue. One of the Court’s rules for granting certiorari requires that the appellant, the person or persons appealing the case, have â€Å"standing† to do so- meaning that he or she would be directly affected by the Court’s decision. By the time the lengthy Roe v. Wade appeal finally reached the Supreme Court, the appellant, a Texas woman (â€Å"Jane Roe†) who had sued after having been denied the right to have an abortion under Texas law, had already given birth and surrendered the child for adoption. As a result, her legal standing in the case was uncertain. In granting certiorari, the Supreme Court reasoned that because of the lengthy appeals process, it would be impossible for any expectant mother to have standing, thus preventing the Court from ever ruling on abortion or reproductive rights issues. Feeling the law involved merited review, the Court granted the petition for certiorari. Recent Example of Certiorari Denied: Broom v. Ohio In 2009, Ohio corrections officials spent two hours trying- but failing- to execute Romell Broom by lethal injection. In March 2016, the Ohio Supreme Court ruled that the state could proceed with a do-over second attempt to execute Bloom. With no other higher court available, Broom and his lawyers asked the U.S. Supreme Court to block any further execution attempts. In the Broom v. Ohio petition for certiorari, Broom’s lawyers based their request on the argument that a second execution would violate the assurance against cruel and unusual punishment in the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution. On December 12, 2016, the U.S. Supreme Court, refusing to hear the case, denied the petition for certiorari. In denying Bloom’s petition for certiorari, the Supreme Court stated its belief that any pain Bloom might have experienced during the failed execution attempt failed to amount to â€Å"constitute cruel and unusual punishment.† In taking this rather unexpected action, the justices reasoned that since thousands of people are subjected to multiple needle-sticks every day as part of medical procedures, this was neither cruel nor unusual. Sources Definition of certiorari in English. English Oxford Dictionaries. OnlineFederal Courts Role and Stricture. USCourts.gov. OnlineSupreme Court procedure. The SCOTUS Blog. OnlineThe Evarts Act: Creating the Modern Appellate Courts. USCourts.gov. OnlineSupreme Court Case Selections Act. Public Law 100-352, at 102 Stat. 662. June 27, 1988

The Hurt Locker Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Hurt Locker - Essay Example Nonetheless, the three created a brotherlike connection along their tour in Iraq. Respect, trust, and courage were their core values in succeeding with their work. In the course of their tour, the three had already detonated a bomb, which was implanted within a public area. They had also succeeded with their encounter against snipers in an open desert. Also, along the way, James had been familiar with an Iraqi boy named Beckham, who sells pirated DVDs. In an encounter, James thought that the boy was killed and was implanted with bombs. However, he was wrong, and in the next morning, he sees Beckham selling him DVDs. In the last days of their tour, the team encounters an Iraqi man who is locked with bombs around his body. However, their will to help the man was not enough to remove all the locks, and the man dies with the explosion. After their tour, James went home to his family and attended sessions to relieve him from the stress he had from work. However, James realized that he may love his family, but he cannot function well around them. This leads him to decide to go back in Iraq and have another year of tour of duty (Berra 9). The Characters There are three main characters in the movie with differing degree of nature; nonetheless, when put together they create an exciting combat film such as The Hurt Locker. Staff Sergeant William James is played by Jeremy Renner, who is an adrenaline junkie in terms of facing his job facing and detonating bombs in the streets of Iraq. Aside from this, he also has a keen understanding on the bombers. The character of James is considered as a hero in a sense that he compulsively does his job; nonetheless, he does it with precision and artistry that he engulfs himself with the life-threatening situation. The next character is Sergeant J. T. Sanborn, who is portrayed by Anthony Mackie. Sanborn is considered as James’ eyes around while he tries to detonate the bombs. He always follows the rules and has a realistic view on situations. Lastly, their team is completed by Specialist Owen Eldridge, portrayed by Brian Geraghty, who portrays the weak link, yet he always tries to find the good side of danger (Ebert 253-255; Scott). Screenplay Writer: Mark Boal The screenplay of the movie was written by Mark Boal. He is a journalist who had been a correspondent for the Playboy, The Village Voice, and the Rolling Stone. Due to his passion for his work, he decided to record the lives of the U.S. Army unit, which is the Explosive Ordinance Disposal (EOD) team, whom he considers as the people who has one of the most dangerous jobs. In 2004, the EOD in Iraq were to detonate bombs on the streets. Boal decided to take part and record the lives of these people, along with putting his life on the line, which allowed him to realize his realistic themes on death, war, courage, and life. During this time, Boal was able to survive his flight in Iraq against the Improvised Explosive Devices and the ambushes together wit h the EOD. As Boal returned from his flight, he wrote about his experience in Iraq in 2004 in an article published in Playboy with a title of â€Å"Death and Dishonor.† This article was his basis for the screenplay of the movie The Hurt Locker, which was released in 2009 (â€Å"Mark Boal - Biography†; Bigelow). The Director: Kathryn Bigelow The director of The Hurt Locker is Kathryn Bigelow, who is a critically acclaimed Hollywood